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Water
Purifiers LoPN ty &LoF; y[kuÅ
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Clean drinking water is a basic need
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Industrial growth, urbanization and the increasing use of synthetic organic substances have
serious and adverse impacts on freshwater bodies. Many areas of
groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy metals, POPs (persistent organic pollutants), and nutrients
that have an adverse affect on health.
H2O is a chemical name of water.But drinking
water having min. 28 components.Every components are in its limit amount.
Pollution in water cause that Water-born Disease
Untreated water: sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural waste
are often discharged into the water bodies such as the lakes,
Petrochemicals: Petrochemicals
contaminate the groundwater from underground petroleum
storage tanks.
Chlorine solvents: Metal and plastic effluents, fabric cleaning, electronic and aircraft manufacturing are often discharged and contaminate groundwater
Chlorine solvents: Metal and plastic effluents, fabric cleaning, electronic and aircraft manufacturing are often discharged and contaminate groundwater
Synthetic
organics: Many of the 100 000 synthetic compounds in use today are found in the aquatic environment and accumulate in the food
chain.
Chemicals in drinking
water:
Chemicals in water can be both naturally
occurring or introduced by human interference and can have
serious health effects.
Revers
bore system-Hotels, Hospitals,Molls, Complexs etc.
Pesticides: Run-off from farms, backyards, and contain pesticides such as DDT .
Ground
water can be contaminated through various sources
Pollution in water cause the following Water-borne diseases:
* Bacterial infections Typhoid
* Cholera
* Paratyphoid fever
* Bacillary dysentery
* Viral infections Infectious Hepatitis (jaundice
ihfy;k)
* Poliomyelitis
* Protozoal infections Amoebic
dysentery
Types of Impurities in Drinking Water :-
Dirt or Suspended Solids : These are the solids which are insoluble like dust, fine sand, clay, rust, etc. They remain
suspended in the water and cause cloudiness or discoloration. 'Total Suspended Solids' or 'TSS'
is the technical term used to measure how much of it is there in the water. A
simple filter usually called a sediment filter, with pore size of 20 microns or
lower can remove almost all of the suspended matter in water. the water may be
safe to use after passing through a filter and then disinfected with UV.
Germs or Microorganisms : Bacteria, Germs,
Pathogens, Microbes, Viruses, Parasites and their eggs (cysts) are
collectively known as microorganisms. These Water tanks can sometimes be a
breeding ground for microbes.minute living organisms, Germs and
Viruses cause Water Borne Diseases. In the usual test for microorganisms, group
of bacteria known as Coliform or e-coli is tested Ultrafiltration which has a pore size of about 0.01 micron is able
to filter out even the smallest microorganisms, Germs and viruses. UV
is effective in deactivating it, provided sufficient UV radiation falls on it.
Dissolved Solids : These are salts and
other chemicals that dissolve in the water and cannot be removed by simple
filtration. 'Total Dissolved Solids'
or 'TDS' is the technical term used to give a measure of the amount of
dissolved matter in the water and is usually expressed as 'ppm' which stands for 'parts per million' or
as 'milligrams per liter' (mg/L).
Some salts dissolved in water are not toxic in small quantities, but there is a limit which can be tolerated by our bodies. For example Sodium Chloride or the common salt, is being used by us daily to flavour food, but that does not mean that we can drink sea water which contain a high percentage of sodium chloride or salt.
Some salts dissolved in water are not toxic in small quantities, but there is a limit which can be tolerated by our bodies. For example Sodium Chloride or the common salt, is being used by us daily to flavour food, but that does not mean that we can drink sea water which contain a high percentage of sodium chloride or salt.
Some of the
common problems with dissolved solids in water are discussed below.
Hard Water:
Hardness in water is
caused by dissolved salts of Calcium
and Magnesium. Hard water is not harmful to health digstion ikpu 'kfDr
as long as the TDS is within the limits. Hard water can be
‘softened’ by replacing the Calcium and Magnesium with Sodium in an Ion
Exchange Water Softener.
Iron:
Iron causes a rusty or metallic taste in water
and it can also stain clothes.
I. Organic Chemicals :
Organic chemicals in water makes the water smell or taste bad and also gives it some
discoloration. These impurities of water can vary from pesticides, petroleum
products and other various toxic chemicals.
Chlorine which is used to keep water free of bacteria, causes
another problem by reacting with some organic material in the water to form
harmful chemicals like Chloroform, Trimethohalanes (TMHs), Haloacetic Acids (HAA), Trihalomethanes (THMs) and other "Disinfection
by-products" (DBPs) or
"Chlorination Disinfection by-products" (CBPs), which are all environmental pollutants and many considered 'carcinogenic', or suspected
of causing Cancer.
Toxic Chemical Impurities in Water :-
Arsenic:
It is very unlikely that the Public
water supplies being piped to your homes will have Arsenic in it.
People who use bore well water have to
be extremely careful. Arsenic occurs naturally in rocks, soils, etc.
and waters that come in contact with these rocks and soils become
contaminated. Arsenic is odorless lqxa/k jfgr and tastelessLokn jfgr, so there is no way of
knowing if your water is contaminated. so it is highly recommended to test your bore well waters once every 6 months. Arsenic poisoning through
water can cause liver and nervous system damage, vascular lkal o [kwu dh ulsa diseases and also skin cancer.
Exposure to arsenic can cause severe damage to health. On April 01, 2010
at least 18 babies in several hamlets of Bihar ’s
Bhojpur district have been born blind in the past three months because their
families consume groundwater containing alarming levels of arsenic, doctors
said. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends
that should be zero.
Mercury:
Mercury is a heavy metal.The maximum contaminant level for mercury
set by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), WHO (World Health Organization), EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency of USA) and other well known standards is in
parts per billion or ppb. This very small negligible limit for mercury, is so
set, because it is a highly toxic chemical. Mercury causes kidney
damage and also many other ill effects. Activated Carbon filters
and RO can remove Mercury from water.
Lead :
Some of the older pipes
and fittings contain lead. Lead pipes, fittings,
solder, and the service connections of some household plumbing systems
contain lead that contaminates the drinking water source. . Lead is hazardous to health as it
accumulates in the body and affects the central nervous system.
Children
and pregnant women are
most at risk.
Hexavalent Chromium 6:
Hexavalent Chromium-6 is poisonous and
should be guarded against especially by people.There are several methods of
getting rid of Hexavalent Chromium-6 from water, but the simplest one is to use
an RO unit.
Nitrates in Water:
The most common way Nitrates, Nitrites and Ammonia gets into our
water sources, is due to the leakage
or seepage of fertilizers or farm and animal wastes into the ground
water sources. Nitrates in water are especially dangerous to infants under 6
months, causing the ‘blue baby syndrome’ due to the infant’s blood not being
able to carry enough Oxygen from their lungs to their body. Adults
may also be affected by nitrates and nitrites in water due to the
formation of chemicals called nitrosamine in the digestive tract.
Drinking water that gets
contaminated with nitrates can prove fatal especially to infants that
drink formula milk as it restricts the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain
causing the ‘blue baby’ syndrome. It is also linked to digestive
tract cancers. It causes algae dkbZ to
bloom resulting in eutrophication in
surface water.
Fluorides in water:
Fluorides
occur in many water sources naturally. In some countries fluorides are added to
drinking water as a health supplement for the protection of teeth and bones.
Fluoride in water in very small quantities, about 1 to 1.5 mg per Liter or ppm
- parts per million, is beneficial to health, but any excess is not good for
health. Many toothpaste
manufacturers add it in the
toothpaste to protect the teeth against
cavities. The EPA has set a maximum limit of Fluorides in water as 4 mg
per Liter or ppm. Excess fluorides in water can have harmful effects
ranging from discoloration or pitting of teeth to bone and skeletal damage. Excess fluorides
can cause
yellowing of the teeth and damage to the spinal cord and other
crippling diseases. In India, the most
common cause of fluorosis is fluoride-laden water derived from
bore wells dug deep into the earth. Of India's 32 states including U.P., 17
have been identified as "endemic" areas for fluorosis, with an
estimated 25 million people impacted, and another 66 million "at
risk."
RADON:
RADON are radioactive
and people who drink water containing it over many years may have an increased risk
of getting cancer.
Pesticides: The organophosphates and
the carbonates present in pesticides affect and damage the nervous system and
can cause cancer. Some of the pesticides contain carcinogens
that exceed recommended levels. They contain chlorides that cause reproductive
and endocrinal damage.
Heavy metals: Heavy metals cause damage to the nervous system and the
kidney, and other metabolic disruptions.
Salts: Exposure to polluted water can cause diarrhoea, skin
irritation, respiratory problems, and other diseases,
depending on the pollutant that is in the water body. Petrochemicals:
Benzene and other petrochemicals can cause cancer even at low exposure
levels.Chlorinated solvents:- These are linked to reproduction tuu {kerk-- disorders and to some cancers.
Digestive ikpu-- Problems
o
The most common complaint from those
who drink impure water is diarrhea. In many cases, infected water contains some
degree of sewage or mineral impurities that irritate the digestive system.
Since the human body filters water through the digestive system, impure water
can lead to stomach aches, vomiting or diarrhea. Vegetable
impurities, sometimes found in peaty water, often contain germs from animal
excretion that leads to conditions that cause diarrhea.
·
Diarrhoea remains the most prevalent water related disease in
India. It mostly affects children under the age of 5and often leads to death.
·
Diarrhoeal infection is spread through food and drinking water
that has been contaminated.
·
A diarrhoeal attack can last up to 2 weeks and leave the person
completely dehydrated.
·
Symptoms of diarrhoea include, severe dizziness, loss of consciousness, dehydration
and pale skin, little or no urination and in some case bloody stool.
·
Diarrhoea can spread through multiple viruses that is found in
contaminated water. The poorer sections of the society come in daily contact
with this water and that is the why the rate of diarrhoea is highest amongst
them.
Cholera
Though impure drinking water is not the
only cause of cholera, it is a major source of the infection. A person with
cholera suffers from a bacterial infection in his
small intestine which leads to the expulsion of nutrients via vomiting and
diarrhea. People with cholera often suffer from rapid dehydration due to their
inability to hold onto water and nutrients. Medical symptoms of the infection
include low blood pressure, sunken eyes, pale skin and a quick
heartbeat. Cholera can come from infected food in addition to impure water.
·
Cholera is a water related disease, and is diarrhoeal in nature.
·
It can kill in hours if left unattended.
·
Cholera strikes when one ingests water that is infested with the
Vibrio Cholerae bacterium.
·
Symptoms of cholera include watery bowels and fever in certain
cases.
·
Cholera can happen to both children and adults.
·
Malaria or Malarial fever is spread by the Plasmodium parasite
mosquito that breeds in water bodies like lakes and paddy fish. Stagnant water
is another favourite breeding ground for these deadly parasites.
·
Malaria mostly kills children in India, as adults slowly form
some sort of immunity against the parasite, over the years.
·
Malarial fever symptoms include fevers, chills, headaches and vomiting.
Sometimes these symptoms are also coupled with anaemia jDr dh deh.
·
A malarial infection shows only after a week has passed.
Therefore, treating it immediately is a necessity.
Japanese Encephalitis
·
Japanese encephalitis is a water related disease that is caused
by the Culex Tritaeniorhynchus and Culex Vishnui type of mosquitoes.
·
These mosquitoes’ favourite breeding ground is water flooded
paddy fields. Therefore, Japanese encephalitis is majorly found in the
agricultural regions of India.
·
The Japanese encephalitis virus attacks children the most and in
some cases this water related disease can lead to death.
·
The symptoms of Japanese encephalitis include fever,
vomiting, headaches and in acute cases, coma, seizures and finally death.
·
The vaccine for Japanese encephalitis is very expensive
therefore most of the economically backward families in India cannot afford it.
Filariasis
·
Filariasis is a parasitic disease and affects people who live
near unsanitary water bodies or sewages.
·
Filariasis is spread by mosquitoes that breeds in fresh and
stagnant water bodies and is the host of the filarial nematode worm. This worm
affects humans and leads to elephantitis.
·
Filariasis can lead to blindness, and rapid skin pigmentationRopk ij nkus and
the filarial worms can affects various parts of the body.
·
Filariasis is a concern for the rural population in India whose
major occupation is agriculture.
Many
diseases like trachoma, scabies, skin sepsis and fungal infection nkn are not
water-borne but their incidence depends more on the quantity of water available
for use.
Among the
water related diseases diarrhea, jaundice, guinea worm, Japanese encephalitis,
malaria, filariasis, knock-kneestksM+ks@?kqVus dk nnZ are
prevalent in our country.
What is the safe range of TDS
level for drinking purpose?
Total dissolved solids (often abbreviated TDS) is an expression for the
combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid
which are present in a molecular, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal sol)
suspended form. Generally the operational definition is that the solids must be
small enough to survive filtration through a sieve size of two micrometres.
Total dissolved solids are normally only discussed for freshwater systems,
since salinity comprises some of the ions constituting the definition of TDS.
The following are the major methods of purification commonly
employed:
Filtration is one of the oldest forms of water
purification. Water is passed through a candle type of filter, from one chamber
to another, so that all larger suspended impurities are removed. Smaller
particles like bacteria and virus remain.* Ultra Filtration uses a polymer film in place of the regular granular candle. The size of the film used determines the size of particles and organisms filtered out.
* Boiling is also a very old and popular method of treating water, which neutralizes bacteria and virus quite effectively, though the rest of the suspended and dissolved impurities are not addressed.
* Chlorination is what municipal authorities employ to destroy micro-organisms. But excessive addition of the chlorine tablets may prove harmful. Besides, the remaining insoluble or dissolved impurities remain unaddressed.
* Activated Carbon filtration is most effective in removing contaminants like organic substances that are often responsible for taste, odour and colour problems.
* UV Treatment has been a popularly employed in urban homes over the last two decades. When combined with some preliminary filter treatments, it addresses many of the impurities found in tap water, though it does not address dissolved impurities.
* Reverse Osmosis (RO) literally reverses osmosis through a semi permeable membrane to ensure that water flows from the side with dissolved impurities to the side with no impurities, under artificially applied pressure. When combined with other preliminary filtration methods, this filters out water of most impurities - dissolved or suspended.
* Mineral RO System has water being subjected to UV filtration after the preliminary round. It is then treated by the RO method. However, some of the water from the UV stage is tapped and added to the finally filtered water after the RO treatment, so as to add the benefits of lost minerals.
Testing your
tap water
When investing in a water
purification system for your home, you will need to assess your tap water for
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), which the brand salesman will help you with. TDS
of about 50 ppm (parts per million) to 100 ppm is recommended. The United States has established a secondary
water quality standard of 300 mg/l to provide for palatability of drinking
water. You
must remember that a lower TDS is no guarantee that your water is free of
dissolved heavy metal, so the salesman may recommend electrolysis of your water
sample to give you an idea of the metals dissolved in it, based on the colours
of the precipitate.
What are the TDS standards ?
In
popular usage, ‘high-TDS water’ is used as a synonym to ‘hard water’. In the
scientific usage, high-TDS water means the sum of all its dissolved
constituents including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate,
bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate etc., while hardness of water is taken as the
sum of calcium and magnesium expressed as mg/l CaCO3. Based on the hardness
value, water is said to be soft when it is less than 60, moderately hard when
between 61 and 120, hard when between 121-180 and very hard when over 180. In view of the distinctly
different scientific meanings attached to the terms – ‘high-TDS water’ and
‘hard water’, it is best not to use them as synonyms and thereby avoid needless
confusion.
TDS of drinking
water
TDS of
drinking water should ideally be less than 150 mg/l In
drinking water, TDS should be preferably in the range of 100mg/liter (100 ppm, parts per million). Water having TDS above 500 ppm will taste salty.
As per Indian water quality standards the
range of tds is 30 - 180. If the
water is having the above tds then its drinkable. If it is less than or greater than that its
notdrinkable.
Generally all the packaged bottles(Bislery) will have tds near to 30. Whereas the packaged cans(20 ltrs) will have a tds of 100-200. Which is aso good to drink.
If your available water(bore or well) water tds is much higer then you can go for RO system. RO has two membranes, one reduces 50% of tds and other reduces 90% of tds.
If the tds of your water is < 200 then better to take UV system purifier. Which will give the output water with same tds by killing bacteria.
Generally all the packaged bottles(Bislery) will have tds near to 30. Whereas the packaged cans(20 ltrs) will have a tds of 100-200. Which is aso good to drink.
If your available water(bore or well) water tds is much higer then you can go for RO system. RO has two membranes, one reduces 50% of tds and other reduces 90% of tds.
If the tds of your water is < 200 then better to take UV system purifier. Which will give the output water with same tds by killing bacteria.
Water contain essential minerals for health, so reducing TDS to a low value may be
harmful for health if using loe TDS water regularly for a long time. TDS for
our house purifier should be set to a range 70 - 130.
Generally TDS level in packaged drinking water will be between 27 to 35.
If you want to ask anythin about tds contact 09457988855.
Generally TDS level in packaged drinking water will be between 27 to 35.
If you want to ask anythin about tds contact 09457988855.
WHO's guidelines on water quality
recommend
* Drink only bottled water or other beverages (carbonated beverages, pasteurised juices and milk) provided in sealed tamper-proof containers and bottled/canned by known manufacturers (preferably certified by responsible authorities). Hotel personnel or local hosts are often good sources of information about which local brands are safe.
* Drink water that has been treated effectively at point of use (that is, through boiling, filtration or chemical disinfection) and stored in clean containers.
* Drink hot beverages such as coffee and tea that are made with boiled water and are kept hot.
* Avoid brushing teeth with unsafe water.
* Do not use ice unless it has been made from safe water.
* Avoid salads or other uncooked foods that may have been washed or prepared with unsafe water.
WHO believes that water can be a source of not only microbial, but also chemical or radiological hazards and consideration needs to given to other sources like food, air, person-to-person contact, consumer products, poor sanitation and personal hygiene.
The guidelines for water suppliers and regulators describe the need to check the points of contamination and act on the findings. These include,
* Instituting minimum procedures, specific guideline values and how these should be used.
* Modes of transport used by water vendors.
* Microbial hazards, which continue to be the primary concern in both developing and developed countries.
* Comprehensive risk management, water safety plans, sanitary surveys that include the water supply system and its operation.
* Drink only bottled water or other beverages (carbonated beverages, pasteurised juices and milk) provided in sealed tamper-proof containers and bottled/canned by known manufacturers (preferably certified by responsible authorities). Hotel personnel or local hosts are often good sources of information about which local brands are safe.
* Drink water that has been treated effectively at point of use (that is, through boiling, filtration or chemical disinfection) and stored in clean containers.
* Drink hot beverages such as coffee and tea that are made with boiled water and are kept hot.
* Avoid brushing teeth with unsafe water.
* Do not use ice unless it has been made from safe water.
* Avoid salads or other uncooked foods that may have been washed or prepared with unsafe water.
WHO believes that water can be a source of not only microbial, but also chemical or radiological hazards and consideration needs to given to other sources like food, air, person-to-person contact, consumer products, poor sanitation and personal hygiene.
The guidelines for water suppliers and regulators describe the need to check the points of contamination and act on the findings. These include,
* Instituting minimum procedures, specific guideline values and how these should be used.
* Modes of transport used by water vendors.
* Microbial hazards, which continue to be the primary concern in both developing and developed countries.
* Comprehensive risk management, water safety plans, sanitary surveys that include the water supply system and its operation.
pH:
pH is a value that determines if a substance is acid, neutral or basic,
calculated from the number of hydrogen ions present. The initials pH stand
for "Potential of Hydrogen". It is measured on a scale from 0 to
14, on which 7 means the substance is neutral. pH values below 7 indicate
that the substance is acidic and pH values above 7 indicate that it is basic.
The pH of pure water is neutral or 7.
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